Gastrodia Phenolic Compounds
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Gastrodia Phenolic Compounds

  1. English Name: Gastrodia Phenolic Compounds
  1. Specification
    • Total Phenolic Content: ≥ 15 – 30% (Folin – Ciocalteu method)
    • Major Components: p – Hydroxybenzaldehyde ≥ 5% (HPLC), p – Hydroxybenzoic acid ≥ 3% (HPLC), vanillic acid ≥ 2% (HPLC)
    • Water – soluble Powder: Solubility ≥ 90% in water, moisture ≤ 5%
  1. Appearance
    • Light brown to yellowish – brown fine powder, mild herbal odor
  1. CAS NO.
    • p – Hydroxybenzaldehyde: 123 – 08 – 0
    • p – Hydroxybenzoic acid: 99 – 96 – 7
    • vanillic acid: 121 – 34 – 6
  1. Lead time: 3 – 7 Working Days
  1. Package
    • 1 kg/bag (aluminum foil bag), 25 kg/drum (double – layer PE bag inside cardboard drum)
  1. Main Market: Asia (China, Japan, South Korea), North America, Europe
  1. Application Scenarios

Core Properties

  • Molecular Structure: Composed of various phenolic acids and aldehydes with a benzene ring and hydroxyl groups
  • Solubility: Soluble in water, ethanol, and methanol; water – soluble formulations are ideal for beverage and pharmaceutical applications
  • Key Features
    • Antioxidant: Scavenges free radicals such as DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, with an ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) value of 2000 – 3500 μmol Trolox equivalents/g.
    • Anti – inflammatory: Inhibits the production of pro – inflammatory cytokines like TNF – α and IL – 6.
    • Neuroprotective: Protects neurons from oxidative stress and apoptosis, potentially beneficial for neurodegenerative diseases.
    • Antimicrobial: Exhibits inhibitory activity against certain bacteria and fungi, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.

Application Scenarios

1. Pharmaceuticals

  • Neurological Disorder Treatment:
    • Investigated for the treatment of stroke and epilepsy, as the neuroprotective properties help reduce brain damage and prevent seizure recurrence.
    • Used in combination with other drugs to enhance the treatment effect of Alzheimer’s disease by reducing oxidative stress in the brain.
  • Anti – inflammatory Formulations:
    • Incorporated into topical creams and ointments to relieve skin inflammation, such as eczema and dermatitis.

2. Dietary Supplements

  • Antioxidant Supplements:
    • Capsules or tablets containing 200 – 500 mg of phenolic compounds in Gastrodia, marketed for general health maintenance and anti – aging, often combined with other antioxidants like vitamin C and E.
  • Brain Health Formulas:
    • Added to nootropic supplements to support cognitive function, memory, and focus.

3. Cosmetics & Personal Care

  • Anti – aging Products:
    • Serums and moisturizers (2 – 5% concentration) to protect skin from UV – induced damage, reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, and promote skin elasticity.
  • Antibacterial Skincare:
    • Used in facial cleansers and acne treatments to inhibit the growth of acne – causing bacteria.

4. Functional Food & Beverages

  • Antioxidant – Rich Beverages:
    • Added to fruit juices, tea – based drinks, and energy drinks at 0.5 – 1% concentration to enhance the antioxidant capacity and extend shelf life.
  • Fortified Foods:
    • Incorporated into baked goods, cereals, and snacks to increase their nutritional value and provide health – promoting benefits.

Detection Methods

  • High – Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC):
    • Column: C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile – 0.1% phosphoric acid (gradient elution), Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min, Detection Wavelength: 280 nm for p – Hydroxybenzaldehyde, 254 nm for p – Hydroxybenzoic acid, and 325 nm for vanillic acid.
  • Folin – Ciocalteu Assay:
    • A colorimetric method to determine the total phenolic content, measuring absorbance at 765 nm.
  • Mass Spectrometry (MS):
    • Used in combination with HPLC (HPLC – MS) to confirm the molecular structure and identify trace phenolic compounds.

Source & Advantages

  • Natural Source: Extracted from the rhizomes of Gastrodia elata Blume, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb.
  • Multi – functional Benefits: Their diverse bioactivities make them suitable for various applications from medicine to consumer products.
  • Traditional Use Validation: With a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine, it provides a reliable foundation for modern applications.

Regulatory Compliance

  • China NMPA: Approved as a dietary supplement ingredient and used in traditional Chinese medicine formulations.
  • US FDA: Regulated as a dietary ingredient when used in supplements, subject to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) requirements.
  • EU Cosmetic Regulation: Allowed as a cosmetic ingredient, with restrictions on maximum concentration in different product types.
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Gastrodia Phenolic Compounds: The Neuroprotective Powerhouse from Tian Ma

1. What Are Gastrodia Phenolic Compounds?

Gastrodia phenolic compounds are a group of bioactive phytochemicals primarily derived from Gastrodia elata Blume (天麻/Tian Ma), a revered medicinal orchid in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). These compounds, including gastrodin, parishins, and vanillyl alcohol derivatives, are clinically validated for their neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, making them invaluable in modern nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals.

2. Source, Chemical Properties & Key Identifiers

Primary Source

  • Botanical Origin: Gastrodia elata Blume (Orchidaceae family)

  • Plant Part Used: Dried rhizomes (underground stems)

  • Geographical Distribution: Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces (China) yield the highest-quality specimens

Key Chemical Constituents

Compound Chemical Class Relative Abundance
Gastrodin Phenolic glycoside 40-60% of total phenolics
Parishin A/B/C Gastrodin oligomers 15-25%
Vanillyl alcohol Simple phenol 5-10%
4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol Benzyl derivative 3-8%

Physicochemical Properties

  • Appearance: White to light yellow crystalline powder (gastrodin), brown viscous extract (total phenolics)

  • Solubility: Water-soluble (gastrodin), ethanol-soluble (parishins)

  • Stability: Sensitive to UV light and oxidation; requires antioxidant protection

Regulatory Identifiers

Parameter Gastrodin Total Phenolics
CAS Number 62499-27-8 Not assigned (mixture)
Molecular Formula C₁₃H₁₈O₇ Variable
Molecular Weight 286.28 g/mol 200-1000 Da
EINECS 263-618-1 N/A

3. Premium Quality, Health Benefits & Safety

Best Sources & Potency

  • Highest-Yielding Strains: Wild G. elata from Yunnan contains 2-3% gastrodin by dry weight

  • Optimized Extracts: Advanced CO₂ supercritical extraction yields ≥98% pure gastrodin

  • Gold Standard: HPLC-validated extracts with ≥50% total phenolic content

Evidence-Based Health Benefits

  1. Neuroprotection

    • Crosses the blood-brain barrier to reduce glutamate excitotoxicity

    • Upregulates BDNF and NGF for neuronal regeneration

    • Clinical improvement in Alzheimer’s (500mg/day) and vertigo (300mg/day)

  2. Cerebrovascular Protection

    • Inhibits NF-κB pathway, reducing post-stroke inflammation

    • Improves microcirculation in vascular dementia patients

  3. Antioxidant Effects

    • Scavenges OH· and O₂·⁻ radicals (ORAC value ≥15,000 μmol TE/g)

  4. Analgesic Properties

    • Modulates TRPV1 receptors for migraine relief

Dosage Guidelines

Application Daily Dose Duration
Cognitive support 200-400 mg 8-12 weeks
Acute conditions 500-800 mg 4-6 weeks
Preventive care 100-200 mg Long-term

Safety Profile

  • GRAS Status: Generally Recognized as Safe at recommended doses

  • Drug Interactions: May potentiate GABAergic drugs (benzodiazepines)

  • Contraindications: Pregnancy (insufficient safety data)

4. Manufacturer Profile: Shaanxi Zhonghong Investment Technology Co., Ltd.

Core Competencies

  • 28 Years of specialized extraction expertise

  • cGMP & ISO 13485 certified facilities

  • Proprietary Technologies:

    • Molecularly imprinted polymers for gastrodin purification

    • Cryogenic grinding for phenolic preservation

Quality Infrastructure

  • Analytical Capabilities:

    • UPLC-QTOF-MS for compound fingerprinting

    • 600MHz NMR for structural confirmation

  • Purity Standards: Exceed pharmacopeial requirements by 20-30%

5. Product Specifications (Pharmaceutical Grade)

Quality Control Parameters

Category Parameter Specification Test Method
Identity Gastrodin HPLC match ≥98% similarity USP <621>
Purity Total phenolics ≥50% w/w UV-Vis (280nm)
Heavy Metals Lead (Pb) ≤0.5 ppm ICP-MS
Cadmium (Cd) ≤0.1 ppm ICP-MS
Microbiology Total aerobic count ≤1000 CFU/g USP <61>
C. albicans Absent USP <62>

6. Advanced Production Workflow

  1. Sourcing: Wild-harvested G. elata (3-year-old rhizomes)

  2. Pre-treatment: Lyophilization at -40°C to preserve phenolics

  3. Extraction:

    • Primary: Subcritical water extraction (120°C, 15MPa)

    • Secondary: Macroporous resin adsorption (AB-8 resin)

  4. Purification:

    • Preparative HPLC (C18 column) for gastrodin isolation

    • Nanofiltration (3kDa MWCO) for parishin enrichment

  5. Standardization:

    • DSC for crystallinity verification

    • DPPH assay for antioxidant validation

7. Cutting-Edge Applications

Pharmaceutical Innovations

  • Stroke Recovery: Intravenous gastrodin formulations (China FDA-approved)

  • Neurodegenerative Drugs: Phase III trials for Parkinson’s adjunct therapy

Nutraceutical Breakthroughs

  • Nootropic Stacks: Combined with lion’s mane and bacopa

  • Sleep Formulas: Synergistic with melatonin (1:5 ratio)

Cosmeceutical Advancements

  • Anti-Pollution Serums: Chelates heavy metals via phenolic groups

  • Neurocosmetics: Reduces cortisol-induced skin aging

8. Research Frontiers

Mechanistic Discoveries

  • Gut-Brain Axis: Modulates Akkermansia muciniphila populations

  • Epigenetics: HDAC inhibition by parishin metabolites

Technological Innovations

  • Biocatalysis: Enzymatic glycosylation to enhance bioavailability

  • Nano-delivery: PLGA nanoparticles for targeted CNS delivery

9. FAQ

Q: How does gastrodin compare to synthetic nootropics?
A: Exhibits comparable neuroprotection to piracetam without tolerance development

Q: Can gastrodin replace SSRIs for depression?
A: Adjunctive only – enhances serotonin without affecting reuptake

Q: Shelf life & storage?
A: 36 months in amber glass at ≤25°C (desiccant included)

10. Global Supply Chain

  • Packaging: Nitrogen-flushed aluminum bags (1-25kg)

  • Logistics: -20°C shipping available for heat-sensitive batches

  • Regulatory Support: Full dossier preparation (FDA/EMA/China NMPA)

11. Conclusion

Gastrodia phenolics represent the next frontier in neuroprotection, combining 1,800 years of TCM wisdom with modern pharmacological validation. Shaanxi Zhonghong’s 98% pure gastrodin sets the industry benchmark, backed by patented extraction technologies and end-to-end traceability.

Contact: liaodaohai@gmail.com | www.aiherba.com

References

  1. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics (2023) – Gastrodin mechanisms in stroke

  2. Journal of Natural Products (2022) – Parishin pharmacokinetics

  3. China Pharmacopoeia 2020 Edition – Gastrodin monograph

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