Salvianolihappo B: Merkittävä yhdiste luonnossa

Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a vital bioactive part extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza, a standard Chinese language herb, has attracted in depth consideration within the medical and scientific analysis fields lately. Its distinctive chemical construction and various organic actions make it a focus of quite a few research. This text delves into varied features of Salvianolic Acid B, overlaying its fundamental data, pharmacological results, and sensible functions.

1. Fundamental Data of Salvianolic Acid B

1.1 Chemical Construction

Salvianolic acid B has a molecular formulation of \(C_{36}H_{30}O_{16}\) and a relative molecular mass of 718.62. It’s shaped by the condensation of three molecules of salvianic acid and one molecule of caffeic acid. This particular construction endows Salvianolic Acid B with a sequence of distinctive chemical properties and organic actions. When it comes to spatial construction, its molecules exhibit a fancy and orderly association, with varied useful teams collaborating to exert results. Useful teams similar to phenolic hydroxyl teams and carboxyl teams in its construction are the important thing structural bases for its antioxidant, anti – inflammatory, and different organic actions.

1.2 Bodily Properties

Pure Salvianolic acid B often seems as an off – white or gentle yellow powder. It has no particular odor, tastes barely bitter and astringent, and has sure hygroscopicity. It may possibly dissolve effectively in water, which gives comfort for its absorption and transportation within the physique. In several solvent environments, the bodily properties of Salvianolic acid B could change. For instance, in organic solvents similar to ethanol and methanol, it additionally exhibits distinctive dissolution traits and bodily states.

2. Pharmacological Results of Salvianolic Acid B

2.1 Antioxidant Impact

Salvianolic acid B possesses extraordinarily highly effective antioxidant capabilities and is thought to be one of the potent pure antioxidants. Each in vivo and in vitro experiments have strongly demonstrated that it will possibly effectively scavenge oxygen – free radicals and considerably inhibit lipid peroxidation. Its antioxidant capability is extra excellent in comparison with widespread antioxidants similar to vitamin C, vitamin E, and mannitol. On the mobile stage, when cells are below oxidative stress, Salvianolic acid B can act promptly to neutralize extreme free radicals inside cells, shield the integrity of the cell membrane, and forestall cells from present process apoptosis or necrosis as a consequence of oxidative injury. Within the physique, it will possibly improve the physique’s personal antioxidant protection system by regulating the exercise of the antioxidant enzyme system, similar to superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH – Px), thereby lowering the injury of oxidative stress to varied organs of the physique.

2.2 Protecting Results on the Cardiovascular System

2.2.1 Safety Towards Myocardial Ischemia – Reperfusion Damage

Within the myocardial ischemia – reperfusion harm mannequin, Salvianolic acid B has demonstrated outstanding protecting results. It may possibly successfully cut back the diploma of myocardial ischemia in mannequin animals, considerably cut back the infarct measurement, lower the leakage of enzymes similar to lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CPK) from cells, cut back the content material of malondialdehyde (MDA) in ischemic myocardial tissue, and improve the exercise of superoxide dismutase (SOD), strongly counteracting the poisonous results of oxygen – free radicals on myocardial cells and comprehensively defending myocardial cells. When it comes to mechanism, Salvianolic acid B could regulate a number of signaling pathways, such because the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, inhibit the expression of apoptosis – associated proteins, and promote the activation of cell survival – associated proteins, thus defending myocardial cells.

2.2.2 Safety of Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells

After repeated pre – ischemia of the myocardium, an endogenous protecting mechanism, particularly ischemic preconditioning, happens. Salvianolic acid B preconditioning can actively take part on this course of, inhibit calcium overload throughout myocardial ischemia – reperfusion harm in rats, cut back the discharge of endothelin (ET) and tumor necrosis issue – α (TNF – α), enhance the stability of the thromboxane / prostacyclin (TXA2/PGI2) system, and cut back the expression of intercellular adhesion molecules in endothelial cells after hypoxia / reoxygenation harm, thus successfully defending cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. On this course of, protein kinase C (PKC), as a key substance and medium for intracellular data transmission, interacts with Salvianolic acid B to collectively regulate the physiological features of cells and keep the traditional construction and performance of endothelial cells.

2.2.3 Prevention and Therapy of Atherosclerosis

Research have discovered that Salvianolic acid B can successfully inhibit the oxidation modification of low – density lipoprotein (LDL) induced by copper ions, which is of nice significance for the prevention and remedy of atherosclerosis. Its mechanism of motion is said to scavenging free radicals on the one hand and presumably chelating copper ions to scale back their catalytic impact on LDL oxidation then again. As well as, Salvianolic acid B may also inhibit the manufacturing of matrix metalloproteinase – 2 (MMP – 2) in endothelial cells stimulated by lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and inhibit the expression of vascular endothelial development issue (VEGF) in endothelial cells, stopping and treating the incidence and growth of atherosclerosis from a number of views.

2.3 Results on the Nervous System

2.3.1 Safety Towards Cerebral Ischemia

Salvianolic acid B can cross the blood – mind barrier easily and performs effectively in enhancing cerebral blood circulate with out inflicting the steal phenomenon. It has the consequences of anti – platelet aggregation and anti – thrombosis, can inhibit the rise in intracellular calcium content material, scavenge free radicals, and promote the technology of cerebral blood vessels. In cerebral ischemia experimental fashions of each rats and mice, intravenous injection of Salvianolic acid B can shield towards cerebral ischemia and mind injury brought on by ischemia – reperfusion, successfully cut back the realm of the ischemic area, lower the content material of MDA in mind tissue, alleviate behavioral problems brought on by cerebral ischemia, and considerably enhance the ensuing reminiscence perform impairment. Throughout cerebral ischemia – reperfusion harm, nerve cells are affected by a number of harm components, similar to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and excitatory amino acid toxicity. Salvianolic acid B could regulate these pathological processes, cut back nerve cell injury, and promote the restoration of nerve perform.

2.3.2 Anti – getting older and Anti – tumor Results

Salvianolic acid B cannot solely shield nerve cells via its antioxidant impact but in addition cut back the discharge of nitric oxide (NO) and enhance the poisonous impact of β – amyloid protein on neurons. On the similar time, it will possibly improve the flexibility of getting older pink blood cells to extend the secretion of interleukin – 238 (IL – 238) by T lymphocytes, thus exhibiting anti – getting older and anti – tumor results. In tumor cell analysis, it has been discovered that Salvianolic acid B has a big inhibitory impact on the expansion of a number of tumor cell traces. For instance, in prostate tumor cell experiments, 500μg/ml of Salvianolic acid B confirmed important anti – tumor results ranging from round 6 hours. Trypan blue exclusion assay and MTT outcomes each confirmed a big lower in cell viability. Movement cytometry detected apoptosis charges of 46.23% and 57.87% in BPH1 – C5 cells after 12 and 24 hours of remedy, respectively, forming apparent apoptotic peaks within the circulate cytometry graph. Its anti – tumor mechanism could contain a number of features, similar to inducing tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis.

2.4 Protecting Results on the Liver

Liver fibrosis is the restore response means of the liver to varied persistent accidents, and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is taken into account a key hyperlink within the formation of liver fibrosis. Salvianolic acid B has important anti – liver fibrosis results, much like these of γ – interferon. In vitro research have proven that it will possibly inhibit the proliferation of first – passage cultured HSC and the sign transduction of reworking development issue – β1 (TGF – β1) in HSC, thereby lowering the diploma of liver tissue fibrosis. Medical research have additionally confirmed that magnesium salt of Salvianolic acid B has achieved passable leads to the remedy of liver fibrosis as a consequence of persistent hepatitis B. Throughout liver harm, pathological adjustments similar to inflammatory response and oxidative stress happen. Salvianolic acid B could play a protecting position within the liver by lowering the inflammatory response, inhibiting oxidative stress injury, and regulating the cytokine community, delaying the method of liver fibrosis.

3. Software Standing and Prospects of Salvianolic Acid B

3.1 Medical Purposes

In scientific follow, Salvianolic acid B has been utilized in a number of fields. For instance, within the remedy of cardiovascular ailments, it’s used to enhance myocardial ischemia, stop and deal with atherosclerosis, and so forth., serving to to scale back the danger of cardiovascular ailments and enhance the prognosis of sufferers. Within the area of nervous system ailments, for sufferers with cerebral ischemia, Salvianolic acid B can cut back mind injury, promote the restoration of nerve perform, and enhance the standard of lifetime of sufferers. Within the remedy of liver ailments, its anti – liver fibrosis impact brings new hope to sufferers with persistent liver ailments. Nevertheless, Salvianolic acid B additionally faces some challenges in scientific functions. For instance, its stability is comparatively poor, and it’s liable to degradation in aqueous options, which can have an effect on the exertion of its efficacy and the event of preparations. As well as, its oral bioavailability is low. How one can enhance its bioavailability and optimize the administration route are additionally key analysis instructions at current.

3.2 Analysis Progress

Researchers have been actively exploring extra potential utility values of Salvianolic acid B. Lately, many breakthroughs have been made in drug supply programs. For instance, novel drug supply programs similar to nanoparticles, microspheres, and hydrogels have been developed to enhance the steadiness and bioavailability of Salvianolic acid B. Professor Niu Zhongwei from the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese language Academy of Sciences, and Professor Huang Sha from the Chinese language Folks’s Liberation Military Normal Hospital collectively developed a pH – responsive double – community drug supply system, integrating Salvianolic acid B right into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/boric acid (BA) hydrogel, which prolongs the residence time of Salvianolic acid B on the wound web site and realizes steady and uniform drug launch, reaching a breakthrough within the area of scar prevention and pores and skin regeneration. Analysis groups from Huazhong College of Science and Expertise and different establishments have been impressed by the thorns of Ceiba speciosa and developed hyaluronic acid soluble microneedles loaded with Salvianolic acid B, fixing the issues of supply effectivity and stability of pure medication within the remedy of hypertrophic scars and offering new concepts for the formulation enchancment of pure medication. Sooner or later, with the continual deepening of analysis, Salvianolic acid B is anticipated to exhibit larger potential within the remedy and prevention of extra ailments, making larger contributions to human well being.