Isosteviol
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Isosteviol

Isosteviol supplier bulk factory Wholesale buy Extract factory

  1. Enw Saesneg: Isosteviol
  1. Manyleb
    • Purdeb: Isosteviol ≥ 98% (HPLC); High – purity grade: ≥ 99% (HPLC)
    • Hydoddedd: Sparingly soluble in water (approx. 0.1 g/L at 25°C), soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and chloroform
    • Pwynt Toddi: 198 – 202°C
    • Toddyddion Gweddilliol: Ethanol ≤ 0.5%, Acetone ≤ 0.5%
    • Metelau Trwm: ≤ 10 ppm
    • Maint y Gronynnau: Standard powder ≤ 100 μm; micronized powder ≤ 5 μm for better reactivity
  1. Ymddangosiad
    • White to off – white crystalline powder, odorless
  1. RHIF CAS：7979-62-4
  1. Amser arweiniol: 5 – 7 Diwrnod Gwaith
  1. Pecyn
    • 1 kg/bag (bag ffoil alwminiwm), 25 kg/drwm (bag PE dwy haen y tu mewn i drwm cardbord)
  1. Prif Farchnad: Global market, with significant demand in Asia (China, Japan, South Korea), North America, and Europe, especially in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries
  1. Senarios Cais

Priodweddau Craidd

  • Fformiwla Foleciwlaidd: C₂₀H₂₈O₃
  • Strwythur Cemegol: A diterpenoid compound, derived from the hydrolysis and isomerization of steviol, featuring a complex ring structure with a carboxylic acid group and hydroxyl groups
  • Nodweddion Allweddol
    • Versatile Chemical Intermediate: Serves as a crucial building block for the synthesis of various bioactive compounds and industrial chemicals.
    • Sefydlogrwydd: Stable under normal storage conditions away from heat, light, and strong oxidizing agents.
    • Biogydnawsedd: Generally low toxicity, making it suitable for applications in the food and pharmaceutical sectors with proper processing.
    • Modifiable Structure: Functional groups can be easily modified through chemical reactions, enabling the creation of derivatives with tailored properties.

Senarios Cais

1. Diwydiant Bwyd a Diod

  • Sweetener Synthesis:
    • As a precursor for the production of high – intensity sweeteners. Isosteviol can be chemically modified to create sweeter derivatives with improved taste profiles, aiming to replace or supplement traditional stevia – based sweeteners.
  • Flavor and Fragrance Enhancement:
    • Some of its derivatives are used to enhance the flavor and aroma of food products, providing unique sensory experiences. For example, certain esters of isosteviol can impart pleasant, natural – like flavors.

2. Diwydiant Fferyllol

  • Synthesis Cyffuriau:
    • Serves as an intermediate in the synthesis of anti – inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidiabetic drugs. Its chemical structure can be modified to create compounds with specific pharmacological activities. For instance, isosteviol – based derivatives are being investigated for their potential in treating metabolic disorders.
  • Ymchwil Biofeddygol:
    • Used in research laboratories as a reference compound or starting material for the development of new drug delivery systems. Its biocompatibility allows for the exploration of novel carrier molecules for targeted drug delivery.

3. Colur a Gofal Personol

  • Fformwleiddiadau Gwrth-heneiddio:
    • Incorporated into creams, serums, and lotions (0.5 – 2% concentration) due to its potential antioxidant and anti – inflammatory properties. It may help protect the skin from oxidative stress and reduce the signs of aging, such as wrinkles and fine lines.
  • Cynhyrchion Gofal Gwallt:
    • Added to shampoos and conditioners to improve hair texture, strength, and manageability. Some derivatives of isosteviol can act as conditioning agents, reducing static and enhancing shine.

4. Diwydiant Cemegol

  • Polymer Synthesis:
    • Utilized as a monomer or cross – linking agent in the production of biodegradable polymers. Isosteviol – based polymers have potential applications in packaging materials, where their biodegradability offers an environmentally friendly alternative.
  • Surfactant Production:
    • Its derivatives can be used to create surfactants with unique surface – active properties. These surfactants find applications in various industries, including detergents, emulsifiers, and wetting agents.

Dulliau Canfod

  • Cromatograffeg Hylif Perfformiad Uchel (HPLC):
    • Column: C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), Mobile Phase: Acetonitrile – water (gradient elution), Flow Rate: 1.0 mL/min, Detection Wavelength: 210 nm for quantification.
  • Cromatograffeg Nwy – Sbectrometreg Màs (GC – MS):
    • Used for the identification and quantification of isosteviol in complex mixtures, especially when analyzing volatile derivatives. GC – MS provides detailed information about the molecular structure and impurities.
  • Spectrosgopeg Isgoch Trawsffurf Fourier (FTIR):
    • Helps in confirming the chemical structure of isosteviol by analyzing the characteristic absorption peaks of its functional groups. It is a quick and effective method for quality control and product identification.

Ffynhonnell a Manteision

  • Ffynhonnell Naturiol: Derived from stevia leaves, a renewable plant resource. The extraction process involves isolation from steviol, which is further processed to obtain isosteviol.
  • Sustainable Chemistry: Enables the development of green and sustainable chemical processes, especially in the production of biodegradable materials and natural – based products.
  • Economic Potential: As a valuable intermediate, it offers opportunities for the creation of high – value – added products, driving innovation in multiple industries.

Cydymffurfiaeth Rheoleiddiol

  • FDA yr Unol Daleithiau: For food and pharmaceutical applications, products containing isosteviol must comply with relevant regulations. As a food additive precursor, it needs to meet safety standards set by the FDA.
  • Rheoliad yr UE: Regulated under REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals) for industrial applications. In the food and cosmetic sectors, it must adhere to specific EU directives regarding safety and labeling.
  • NMPA Tsieina: Approved for use in certain industrial and consumer products, with strict quality control and safety requirements in place to ensure compliance with national standards.
Categorïau: , , , ,

Unlocking the Potential of Isosteviol: Nature’s Zero-Calorie Sweetener Powerhouse | Supplier & Manufacturer

1. What is Isosteviol?

Isosteviol is a diterpenoid carboxylic acid derived from its precursor, steviol glycosides, the intensely candy compounds discovered within the leaves of the Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plant. Via a selected acid hydrolysis course of, the glucose moieties of stevioside are cleaved off, yielding isosteviol. In contrast to its guardian glycosides, isosteviol itself is non-caloric however possesses solely delicate sweetness. Its significance lies primarily in its function as a key metabolic intermediate and, more and more, in its personal distinct and promising priodweddau bioactif, making it a compound of serious curiosity in meals science, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical analysis.

2. Cyflenwad Cynnyrch, Priodweddau Cemegol a Dynodwyr

  • Cyflenwad: Synthesized by way of chemical modification (hydrolysis) of steviol glycosides extracted from Stevia rebaudiana dail.

  • Priodweddau Cemegol:

    • Enw Cemegol: ent-16-Ketobeyeran-19-oic acid or 13-Hydroxyent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid

    • Cydrannau Moleciwlaidd: C₂₀H₃₀O₃

    • Pwysau Moleciwlaidd: 318.45 g/mol

    • Ymddangosiad: Usually a high quality, powdr crisialog gwyn i wyn-llwyd.

    • Hydoddedd: Datgeliadau lipophilic traits, soluble in organic solvents like ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), however displays low solubility in water.

    • Sefydlogrwydd: Chemically secure beneath typical storage situations. Immune to warmth and pH adjustments encountered in meals processing.

  • Dynodwyr Allweddol:

    • Nifer y Gofrestrfa CAS: 471-80-7

    • Maint CE (EINECS): 207-442-5

    • MF: C₂₀H₃₀O₃

    • MW: 318.45

3. Benefits, Purity, Dosage & Security Issues

  • “Greatest” & Highest Purity: The “finest” isosteviol prioritizes distinctive purity (>98%), rigorous absence of residual solvents, a undetectable ranges of contaminants (heavy metals, pesticides, microbes). Respected suppliers like Shaanxi Zhonghong Investment Technology Co., Ltd. obtain this by means of proprietary purification strategies (e.g., multi-stage crystallization, preparative HPLC) exceeding normal {industry} purity benchmarks.

  • Well being Benefits (Rising Analysis):

    • Cardiometabolic Well being: Exhibits potential in modulating glucose homeostasis (enhancing insulin sensitivity), managing dyslipidemia (decreasing triglycerides, LDL), and supporting wholesome blood strain by way of results on vascular tone and endothelial perform. Acts partly by means of Actifadu AMPK a Modiwleiddio PPARγ.

    • Gwrthlidiol a Gwrthocsidydd: Reveals important reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging skill and modulates key inflammatory pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPK signaling).

    • Renal Safety: Analysis suggests protecting results towards renal fibrosis a glomerular injury in experimental fashions, doubtlessly by way of TGF-β/Smad pathway inhibition a oxidative stress discount. (Word: Whereas nattokinase is researched for cardiovascular advantages, its direct affect on kidney well being is much less established in comparison with the rising renal protecting knowledge for isosteviol).

    • Potensial Niwroamddiffynnol: Preliminary research point out attainable advantages in neurodegenerative situations by decreasing neuroinflammation and oxidative injury.

  • Every day Consumption & Utilization Tips: At present, no established ADI (Acceptable Every day Consumption) exists yn arbennig for isosteviol. Dosing in analysis varies considerably. Crucially seek the advice of a healthcare skilled earlier than supplementation. Utilization relies upon closely on the appliance (meals additive, complement, analysis chemical). Observe particular product labeling or analysis protocols meticulously.

  • Rhagofalon a Chanlyniadau Agwedd:

    • Restricted Human Security Information: Complete long-term human research are nonetheless wanted.

    • Rhyngweithiadau Cyffuriau Posibl: Theoretical interactions exist because of results on CYP450 enzymes and blood strain/glucose; warning with antihypertensives, antidiabetics, and anticoagulants.

    • Being pregnant & Lactation: Keep away from use because of inadequate security knowledge.

    • Reported Facet Results: Typically well-tolerated in analysis, however excessive doses might doubtlessly trigger gastrointestinal discomfort. Allergic reactions are uncommon however attainable.

    • Mae ansawdd uchel yn hollbwysig: Underscores the need of sourcing ultra-pure isosteviol from GMP-compliant producers to attenuate contaminant dangers.

4. Introducing Shaanxi Zhonghong Investment Technology Co., Ltd.: Your Trusted Isosteviol Associate

Mae Shaanxi Zhonghong Investment Technology Co., Ltd. yn sefyll fel prif gwmni menter uwch-dechnoleg devoted to excellence in cyfansoddyn bioactif analysis, growth, and manufacturing. We specialize within the superior echdynnu, ynysu a phuro of potent phytochemicals, serving world markets in nutraceuticals, prescribed drugs, cosmeceuticals, meals components (pure sweeteners, colours), and analysis chemical substances.

  • Cymwyseddau Craidd a Gwahaniaethu:

    • Unmatched Scientific Prowess (The Analysis Barrier): Strategol academic-industry partnerships with 5 elite universities underpin our innovation. We possess a formidable IP portfolio exceeding 20 patents and keep a llyfrgell gyfansoddion unigryw yn fyd-eang, driving cutting-edge discovery.

    • Analytical Management (Gear Dominance): Ein state-of-the-art QC infrastructure opsiynau Excessive-Efficiency Liquid Chromatography (HPLC/UHPLC), Gasoline Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Superconducting Fourier Rework Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FT-NMR), a Sbectrometreg Màs Plasma Cyplysedig Anwythol (ICP-MS). This allows stringent purity verification (>98% normal, exceeding {industry} norms by 20%) and complete contaminant profiling.

    • International Provide Chain Excellence: We reliably serve a various clientele throughout 80+ o genhedloedd all through Asia, Europe, and the Americas, offering synthesis wedi'i addasu a opsiynau cynhwysion pwrpasol to multinational pharmaceutical companies, analysis establishments, and complement manufacturers.

    • Etifeddiaeth Profiad: Defnyddio 28 mlynedd o arbenigedd arbenigol within the isolation and software of bioactive pure compounds.

5. Manylebau Cynnyrch: Sicrwydd Ansawdd Uchel Trylwyr

Dosbarth Halogydd Paramedr Cyfyngu Manyleb Cymerwch olwg ar Fethodoleg
Gweddillion Plaladdwyr Glyffosad ≤ 0.05 mg/kg LC-MS/MS
Clorpyrifos ≤ 0.01 mg/kg GC-MS/MS
Cypermethrin ≤ 0.05 mg/kg GC-ECD
Whole Different Pesticides ≤ 0.1 mg/kg (every) Multi-residue Strategies (GC/LC)
Metelau Trwm Plwm (Pb) ≤ 1.0 mg/kg ICP-MS / AAS
Arsenig (As) ≤ 0.5 mg/kg ICP-MS / HG-AAS
Cadmiwm (Cd) ≤ 0.5 mg/kg ICP-MS / GFAAS
Mercwri (Hg) ≤ 0.1 mg/kg ICP-MS / CVAAS
Microbiolegol Plât Cyfan yn Dibynnu ≤ 1000 CFU/g USP <61>
Burum a Llwydni ≤ 100 CFU/g USP <61>
E. coli Destructive in 10g USP <62>
Salmonela rhywogaethau Destructive in 375g USP <62>
Staphylococcus aureus Dinistriol mewn 1g USP <62>
Normal Isosteviol Purity ≥ 98.0% (HPLC) HPLC-ELSD/UV
Colli wrth Sychu ≤ 2.0% USP <731>
Gweddillion ar Danio ≤ 0.2% USP <281>
Toddyddion Gweddilliol Meets ICH Q3C Tips GC-FID/HS-GC

6. Cwrs Gweithgynhyrchu Uwchraddol
Our isosteviol manufacturing employs a vertically built-in, GMP-compliant workflow:

  1. Ffynhonnell a Dilysu: Premiwm Stevia rebaudiana leaves bear botanical verification (macroscopic/microscopic, DNA barcoding).

  2. Prif Echdynnu: Echdynnu CO2 uwchgritigol neu food-grade solvent extraction yields crude steviol glycosides.

  3. Hydrolysis: Managed acid-catalyzed hydrolysis selectively cleaves glycosidic bonds, changing stevioside/rebaudioside A to isosteviol.

  4. Puro: Aml-gam liquid-liquid extraction, wedi'i fabwysiadu gan activated carbon decolorization a multi-step fractional crystallization beneath exact temperature management. HPLC Paratoadol is employed for ultra-high purity (>99%) batches.

  5. Sychu a Melino: Lyoffilio (sychu-rewi) neu vacuum belt drying ensures stability, adopted by microneiddio to desired particle measurement distribution.

  6. Strict High quality Management: Mae pob swp yn mynd trwy complete analytical profiling towards stringent specs earlier than launch.

7. Numerous Application Scenarios

  • Maeth-fferyllol a Deietegol Atchwanegiadau dietegol: Formulated in capsules, tablets, softgels, and powders concentrating on metabolic well being, cardiovascular assist, antioxidant protection, and anti-aging.

  • Prydau a Diodydd Ymarferol: Integrated as a non-caloric practical ingredient in health-focused drinks, snacks, and meal replacements, leveraging its bioactivity past sweetness.

  • Pharmaceutical Analysis: An important reference normal, pharmacophore, a cyfansoddyn plwm in drug discovery for diabetes, hypertension, irritation, and neurodegeneration.

  • Cosmeceuticals: Explored in topical formulations for gwrth-heneiddio (combating oxidative stress/irritation) and skin-brightening canlyniadau.

  • Sweetener Intermediate: Key precursor within the synthesis of next-generation steviol glycosides with improved style profiles.

8. Stringent High quality Management (QC)
High quality is embedded at each stage. Our ISO 9001 and cGMP-aligned QC system mandates:

  • Identification Affirmation: FT-NMR a HPLC-UV/ELSD fingerprint matching towards reference requirements.

  • Purdeb ac Effeithlonrwydd: HPLC-ELSD/UV quantification of isosteviol content material (≥98%), monitoring for associated compounds (steviol, steviol glycosides).

  • Rheoli Halogion: GC-MS/MS/LC-MS/MS screens for >500 pesticide residues. ICP-MS ensures heavy metals compliance. Profi microbiolegol (cardio depend, pathogens) follows validated USP/EP strategies.

  • Toddyddion Gweddilliol: GC-FID/HS-GC evaluation per ICH Q3C pointers.

  • Bodily & Chemical Assessments: Colled wrth Sychu (LOD), Gweddillion wrth Danio (Llwch Sylffadedig), pH, Cylchdro Penodol.

  • Ymchwil Sefydlogrwydd: Ongoing ICH Q1A(R2) cydymffurfiol cyflymedig a long-term stability research to outline shelf life and storage situations. Dogfennaeth ac Olrhain: Llawn Tystysgrifau Gwerthuso (CoA) per batch, adhering to ALCOA+ rules for knowledge integrity.

9. Pecynnu Diogel a Logisteg Ryngwladol

  • Pecynnu: Meals-grade double HDPE baggage gyda integrity liners, sealed inside strong, tamper-evident fiber drums (25kg normal). Smaller R&D portions use glass bottles. Customized packaging (vacuum-sealed, nitrogen-flushed) out there.

  • Storio: Manwerthwr mewn lle oer, sych (<25°C), protected against gentle and moisture. Preserve unique sealed packaging.

  • Logisteg: Environment friendly world delivery by way of air freight, sea freight, or categorical couriers. Experience in dealing with clirio tollau a regulatory documentation for worldwide markets. Chilly chain choices out there.

10. Well being Efficacy, Mechanism & Analysis

  • Mechanism Insights: Isosteviol exerts results by way of a number of pathways:

    • AMPK Activation: Enhances glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation.

    • PPARγ Modulation: Influences adipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, irritation.

    • Okay+ Channel Activation (Vascular): Promotes vasodilation, reducing blood strain.

    • TGF-β1/Smad Pathway Inhibition: Key mechanism in decreasing renal fibrosis.

    • NF-κB & MAPK Suppression: Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine manufacturing (TNF-α, IL-6).

    • ROS Scavenging: Direct antioxidant exercise and upregulation of endogenous antioxidants (SOD, GSH).

  • Business Purposes & Innovation: Driving innovation in practical sweeteners, metabolic syndrome therapeutics, pure preservatives, a cosmeceutical actives. Zhonghong’s patented enzymatic bioconversion a steady chromatography applied sciences improve yield and purity.

  • Ffiniau a Heriau Dadansoddi:

    • Ffiniau: Archwilio isosteviol derivatives for enhanced bioavailability/exercise; medical translation of preclinical advantages; mixture therapies.

    • Heriau: Establishing human-specific ADI; definitive large-scale human medical trials; optimizing supply methods for poor water solubility; navigating advanced world regulatory landscapes (GRAS, Novel Meals, and so forth.).

11. Often Requested Questions (FAQ)

  • Q1: Is Isosteviol the identical as Stevia?

    • A: No. Stevia refers back to the plant or its candy leaf extracts (steviol glycosides like stevioside, rebaudioside A). Isosteviol is a particular metabolite/spinoff produced by chemically modifying these glycosides. It has completely different properties (mildly candy/non-sweet, distinct bioactivity).

  • Q2: Is Isosteviol secure?

    • A: Present preclinical and restricted human knowledge counsel security profile at researched doses. Nonetheless, long-term, large-scale human research are ongoing. All the time select high-purity (>98%) isosteviol from respected suppliers adhering to GMP and seek the advice of your healthcare supplier earlier than use, particularly if pregnant, breastfeeding, taking treatment, or have underlying situations.

  • Q3: What are the primary well being advantages of Isosteviol?

    • A: Analysis highlights potential for supporting wholesome blood sugar metabolism, cardiovascular perform (blood strain, lipids), decreasing irritation and oxidative stress, and defending kidney well being. Extra human trials are wanted to verify efficacy for particular situations.

  • This autumn: What is the really useful each day dosage of Isosteviol?

    • A: Efallai y bydd no universally established each day consumption (ADI). Dosages utilized in analysis fluctuate broadly. Crucially, seek the advice of your physician or a certified healthcare practitioner for customized recommendation primarily based in your well being targets and circumstances. Observe product-specific labeling.

  • Q5: How does Isosteviol examine to Nattokinase for kidney well being?

    • A: Whereas each are researched for well being advantages, their mechanisms differ. Isosteviol reveals direct anti-fibrotic and antioxidant results in kidney tissue in preclinical fashions, primarily by way of TGF-β inhibition. Nattokinase is a fibrinolytic enzyme primarily studied for cardiovascular advantages (blood move, clot prevention); its direct affect on kidney construction/perform is much less established. Neither replaces medical therapy for kidney illness.

  • Q6: Why select Zhonghong’s Isosteviol?

    • A: Zhonghong delivers ultra-high purity (>98%), industry-leading contaminant management, cysondeb o swp i swp, wedi'i gefnogi gan 20+ patents, cutting-edge analytical capabilities (HPLC, NMR, ICP-MS), GMP compliance, a 28 mlynedd o brofiad gyda chyfansoddion bioactifRydym yn darparu addasu a world regulatory assist.

12. The place to Purchase Excessive-Purity Isosteviol?
Supply premium Isosteviol instantly from the producer:

  • Gwefan: Discover merchandise and specs at aiherba.com

  • Cyswllt: Attain our gross sales staff by way of e-mail: liaodaohai@gmail.com

  • Inquiry: Request an in depth Tystysgrifau Gwerthuso (CoA), MSDS, a aggressive citation on your particular wants (bulk, analysis samples).

13. Conclusion: Isosteviol – A Versatile Bioactive with Important Promise
Isosteviol, derived from the pure sweetener stevia, transcends its origins as a metabolic intermediate. Its compelling portfolio of bioactivities – spanning cardiometabolic regulation, renoprotection, anti-inflammation, and antioxidant protection – positions it as a extremely promising compound for the nutraceutical, practical meals, and pharmaceutical industries. Whereas additional strong human medical validation is crucial, the prevailing scientific basis is powerful. The vital issue for efficacy and security lies in sourcing ultra-pure, meticulously characterised isosteviol. Shaanxi Zhonghong Investment Technology Co., Ltd., with its scientific rigor, superior purification know-how, and unwavering dedication to high quality, stands because the premier world accomplice for unlocking the complete potential of this exceptional diterpenoid. Contact us right this moment to debate your isosteviol necessities.

14. Cyfeiriadau

  1. Wang, J., et al. (2014). Isosteviol reduces plasma glucose ranges in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats by enhancing insulin sensitivity and enhancing glucose metabolism. Cylchgrawn Ffarmacoleg Ewropeaidd, 734, 50-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.036

  2. Liu, J. C., et al. (2010). Antihypertensive results of isosteviol in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Molecular and Mobile Biochemistry, 340(1-2), 55-60. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0401-1

  3. Mizushina, Y., et al. (2005). Structural evaluation of isosteviol and associated compounds as DNA polymerase and DNA topoisomerase inhibitors. Gwyddorau Bywyd, 77(17), 2127-2140. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.03.022

  4. Chen, T. H., et al. (2016). Isosteviol protects towards endotoxin-induced acute kidney harm by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Cylchgrawn Cemeg Amaethyddol a Phrydau Bwyd, 64(34), 6669-6677. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02895

  5. Worldwide Stevia Council. (2023). Stevia Manufacturing & Science. https://internationalsteviacouncil.org/

  6. EFSA Panel on Meals Components and Flavourings (FAF). (2021). Security of use of steviol glycosides. Cylchgrawn EFSA, 19(1), e06336. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6336

  7. FDA GRAS Notices: GRN No. 252 (Steviol Glycosides), GRN No. 667 (Reb M). https://www.fda.gov/food/gras-notice-inventory

  8. JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Skilled Committee on Meals Components). (2016). Steviol glycosides. WHO Meals Components Sequence 71. https://apps.who.int/food-additives-contaminants-jecfa-database/

  9. ICH High quality Tips (Q1A(R2), Q2(R1), Q3C). https://www.ich.org/page/quality-guidelines

  10. USP-NF Normal Chapters: <61> Microbiological Examination, <62> Microbiological Procedures, <731> Loss on Drying, <281> Residue on Ignition. https://www.usp.org/

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